In the photo below there are three horses and the one on the far left is the closest to the viewer because it is on top of the others and the one on the far right is further away from the viewer because it has other horses overlapping it.
I'm just kidding, I know they are butterflies
Vertical location is another depth cue that helps us to see space. Things that are usually higher up on the page are more into the background your eye wanders. Just like in the picture below you are seeing a landscape in which if you start at the bottom of the page and look up toward the top you will end up further away.
Another tool used to show space is aerial perspective. Aerial perspective is the use of color to show depth, for instance things getting cloudier or less clear, possibly even darker, as they move backward in space.
In this picture of a woman you can tell that she is closer because not only is she in front of it through overlapping but she is also more clearly defined and not as blurry.
The final illusion of space would be linear perspective which is a rather complex spacial system based on vanishing points and how parallel lines appear as though they converge as they get closer to the horizon line. The most common example of this is railroad tracks because everyone knows what they look like and everyone knows that they are going to be equally spaced down the line however they seem to disappear if you look down a set of tracks that move in a strait line toward the horizon.
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